select * from t1, t2, t3 where t1.c1 = t2.c1(+) and t2.c2 = t3.c2 and < other predicates >
select * from t1, t2, t3 where t1.c1 = t2.c1(+) and < other predicates >
select * from t where x not in ( select x from t2 );